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	v. Chr.

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Augustus erreicht Zenit der Macht Nach einem dreijährigen Gallienaufenthalt kehrt der römische Kaiser Augustus am 4. Juli 15 v.Chr. nach Rom zurück. In dieser Zeit haben seine Stiefsöhne Tiberius Claudius Nero und Nero Claudius Drusus die Alpenländer Raetia, Vindelica und Noricum erobert. Auch die Gründung von Augusta Treverorum, dem heutigen Trier, fällt in diesen Zeitraum.	15
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	966	Benedictus V Grammaticus, Italian (anti?)Pope (5/22-6/23 964), dies, gestorben
	1000
1054 Brightest known super-nova (Crab Nebula) starts shining (23 days) Brightest known super-nova starts shining, for 23 days. Brightest known super-nova (Crab Nebula) starts shining (23 days)	1054
	1100
Battle of Hittin (Tiberias): Saladin defeats Reinoud of Chƒtillon	1187	Reinoud van Chƒtillon, French prince of Antioch, dies, gestorben
Richard Löwenherz bricht zum Kreuzzug auf Kreuzritter brechen auf Philipp II. von Frankreich und Richard Löwenherz von England vereinigen ihre Heere am 4. Juli 1190 im französischen Burgund, um mit der Auslese der abendländischen Ritterschaft den Dritten Kreuzzug zu beginnen. See Genezareth: Während des Dritten Kreuzzuges werden die Kreuzfahrer bei Hattim von Sultan Saladin von Syrien und Ägypten geschlagen und müssen den Fall Jerusalems hinnehmen # 1190 # Im Dritten Kreuzzug wird das Heer der Kreuzfahrer bei Hattim am See Genezareth vom syrisch-ägyptischen Sultan Saladin geschlagen und verlieren damit Jerusalem.	1190
	1200

	1300
Battle at Breukelen: Holland vs Lichtenberg	1301	Willem II Berthout van Mechelen, bishop of Utrecht, dies in battle, gestorben
	1307	Rudolf III, Duke of Austria/King of Bohemia dies, gestorben
	1336	Elisabeth van Portugal, queen of Portugal/saint, dies at about 65, gestorben
Gründung des Schwäbische Städtebund unter Führung Ulms gegen König Wenzel 1376 - Unter der Führung von Ulm schließen sich 14 schwäbische Städte zusammen, um ihre Interessen gegenüber Fürsten und König durchzusetzen Schwaben gründen Bund 14 schwäbische Städte schütteln die Herrschaft von Kaiser und Fürsten ab. Sie schließen sich am 4. Juli 1376 unter der Führung von Ulm zusammen und behaupten sich gegen Kaiser Karl IV. und Eberhard II. von Württemberg, die einen Reichskrieg gegen sie eröffnen. # 1376 # Gründung des gegen den deutschen König Wenzel und die Fürsten und Ritterstände gerichteten Schwäbischen Städtebund unter Führung Ulms.	1376
	1400
# 1415 # Gregor XII., einer der derzeit drei gleichzeitig regierenden Päpste, tritt heute von seinem Pontifikat zurück. Angelo Correr becomes Pope Gregory XII	1415
41 Jewish martyrs burned at stake at Breslau	1453
	1477	Johannes Aventinus, Geschichtsschreiber (D), geboren
	1498	Filips van Burgundy, admiral-general of Netherlands, dies, gestorben

	1500

	1519	Johann Tetzel, (German?) monk, dies at about 79, gestorben
	1541	Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish occupier, dies at about 56, gestorben
	1546	Murad III, sultan of Turkey (1574-95), geboren
	1578	Charles de Berlaymont, baron of Hierges, gov/viceroy of Names, dies, gestorben
ab 1582-10-15 Wochentage nach Gregorianischem Kalender	1582

	1600
	1603	Philippus the Monte, priest/bandmaster/composer, dies at 82, gestorben
Battle at Klushino: King Sigismund II beats Russian & Sweden	1610	Paul Scarron, French playwright (Virgile Travesti), geboren Cornelis Evertsen, the Elder, Dutch/Swiss vice-admiral, geboren
	1623	William Byrd, English composer (Ave verum corpus), dies at 80, gestorben
	1627	Thomas Middleton, Elizabethan dramatist (Women Beware Women), dies, gestorben 1627 Thomas Middleton Elizabethan dramatist, dies (birth date unknown) , gestorben
Dreißigjähriger Krieg: Schweden greift ein	1630
Paris: Eröffnung des 1. Arbeitsvermittlungsbüro der Welt Erstes Arbeitsamt In Paris eröffnet am 4. Juli 1631 das Bureau d'Adresse, die erste Anlaufstelle für Arbeitsuchende. Hier werden Arbeitslose gegen eine Gebühr an Arbeitgeber vermittelt. Ab 1639 wird es für alle arbeitslosen Fremden zur polizeilichen Pflicht, sich im Bureau d'Adresse zu melden.	1631
1636 City of Providence, Rhode Island form City of Providence, Rhode Island form	1636
Prince of Cond‚ starts blood bath in Paris	1652
1653 Barebones Parliment goes into session in England British Barebones Parliament goes into session	1653

	1669	Alexander von Papenhoven, Flemish religious sculptor, geboren
States of Holland declares "Eternal Edict" void	1672	Govert D Camphuysen, (court)painter, dies at about 48, gestorben Ambrosius Reiner, composer, dies at 67, gestorben

Battle at Boussu-lez-Walcourt: French-English vs Dutch army	1693
	1694	Louis-Claude Daquin, [d'Acquin], French organist/composer (La Rose), geboren

	1700
Swedish King Karel XII beats Russians	1708
4 1712 July 4th, 1712: Twelve slaves are executed in New York after killing twelve whites. Six of the slaves who were found guilty committed suicide before they could be brought to the gallows. This is the first slave uprising in the Americas. The first slaves came to America in 1619 when Dutch traders sold to the colonists at Jamestown, Virginia, twenty negars. Slavery would continue in the United States until the 1860s when Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1865) made slavery illegal. July 4th, 1712: Twelve slaves are executed in New York after killing twelve whites. Six of the slaves who were found guilty committed suicide before they could be brought to the gallows. This is the first slave uprising in the Americas. The first slaves came to America in 1619 when Dutch traders sold to the colonists at Jamestown, Virginia, twenty negars. Slavery would continue in the United States until the 1860s when Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1865) made slavery illegal.	1712
	1715	Christian F Gellert, Saxony, poet/novelist (Fables & Tales), geboren Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, Dichter (D), "Das Leben der schwedischen Gräfin von G..." , geboren Mit seinen eingängigen und leicht verständlichen »Fabeln und Erzählungen« (2 Bde., 1746/48) wurde Gellert zu einem der populärsten Dichter der Aufklärung. Sein Werk verbindet in humorvoller und sprachlich eleganter Weise bürgerliche Moral und pietistische Tendenzen. 1715 Christian Gellert Saxony, poet, novelist (Fables & Tales) , geboren
	1731	Ant¢nio Dinis da Cruz e Silva, Portuguese poet (O Falso Hero¡smo), geboren
	1753	Jean-Pierre Blanchard, Ballonfahrer, 1. Überquerer des Ärmelkanals im Ballon, geboren Jean-Pierre-Fran‡ois Blanchard, 1st balloon flights in England, US, geboren 1753 Jean-Pierre-Francois Blanchard 1st balloon flights in England, US , geboren Jean-Pierre-Francois Blanchard, first balloon flights in England, US. Today, this person is/would be 248* years old.*
George Washington gives Ft Necessity to France	1754
	1757	Jean-Joseph Vade, composer, dies at 38, gestorben
	1762	Marco Santucci, composer, geboren
1765 English poet and hymnwriter William Cowper observed in a letter: 'How naturallydoes affliction make us Christians!'	1765
	1768	Willem van Hairs, Fries nobleman/poet (Suicide), dies at 58, gestorben
	1769	Louis-Luc Loiseau de Persuis, composer, geboren
USA: Vertreter der 13 britischen Kolonien an der nordamerikanischen Ostküste unterzeichnen die Unabhängigkeitserklärung und bilden die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika 4 1776 July 4th, 1776: The Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence today declaring "That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States." The Declaration has not yet been signed by the delegates. New York has abstained from voting, but is expected to approve shortly. USA unabhängig Die britischen Kolonien in Nordamerika nehmen am 4. Juli 1776 die von Thomas Jefferson verfaßte Unabhängigkeitserklärung an. Sie bilden die aus 13 Mitgliedern bestehenden Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Erster Präsident wird George Washington. # 1776 # Gründung der USA. Die dreizehn britischen Teilkolonien an der Ostküste Nordamerikas erklären in Philadelphia ihre Unabhängigkeit von Großbritannien. 1776 - Zwölf englische Kolonien erklären an der Ostküste Nordamerikas ihre Unabhängigkeit von Großbritannien. Wenige Tage später stimmt New York als 13. Staat zu July 4th, 1776: The Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence today declaring "That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States." The Declaration has not yet been signed by the delegates. New York has abstained from voting, but is expected to approve shortly. This Declaration is the result of a resolution introduced by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia on June 7, 1776, which stated to the effect that "these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States." On July 2nd, in the third session of the Second Continental Congress, John Adams seconded Richard Henry Lee's resolution and the Congress voted in favor of it, thus asserting American independence. A document was deemed important by the Congress to state the reasons for such an assertion and, in the words of the Declaration, "a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation." A committee was appointed which included Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston to draw up a declaration stating America's independence and the causes which led to the separation from the Empire of Great Britain. Jefferson was given the main responsibility for writing the document. In what Jefferson would later call "an expression of the American mind" the Declaration was a bold assertion of the rights of the common man: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness". This statement of political philosophy was followed by a long list of grievances against the present King of Great Britain, King George III. One of the grievances which Jefferson included in the document stated that the King of Great Britain is responsible for imposing the wicked institution of slavery in these colonies, but this was stricken from the final Declaration by a vote of the Congress. Now is the time that will "try men's souls". Although the British have been driven from Boston, the British army, commanded by Sir William Howe, has taken Staten Island and is threatening to drive the American forces from Long Island and to seize New York City. (Read the headline report of the New York Mercury Gazette from July 15, 1776, on the Declaration of Independence and the movements of Howe's Army by clicking here). But today is a day of celebration. Bells are tolling throughout the former colonies and statues of George III are being destroyed, their metal soon to be turned into musket balls. According to John Adams, a delegate from Massachusetts, this is the "most memorable epoch in the history of America." This day, declared Adams, "ought to be solemnised with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illuminations, from one end of the continent to the other, from this day forward for ever more." And so perhaps it shall. (Read the Declaration of Independence). *INDEPENDENCE DAY* Americans celebrate their independence from the British on this day. July 4th commemorates the approval of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. No it wasn’t signed on this day - just approved. The actual signing didn’t take place until a month later. Most of the delegates signed the Declaration on August 2, 1776, the first signature being that of John Hancock. Several signatures were obtained later ... George Wythe (Virginia) on August 27; Richard Henry Lee (Virginia), Elbridge Gerry (Massachusetts), Oliver Wolcott (Connecticut) signed in September; Matthew Thornton (New Hampshire) in November. Thomas McKean, representing Delaware, was serving in the army and was unavailable to add his ‘John Hancock’ until 1781. Thomas Jefferson was the major author of the Declaration of Independence, but he had help from John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston and Roger Sherman. Following the natural rights theory of John Locke, the document proclaimed the equality of ‘all men’ and their ‘unalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’. The authors wrote that governments were established to secure these rights; when they failed to do so, the people could abolish them. This one statement alone was considered as treason to the British crown. And so, at the signing of the Declaration of Independence, John Hancock said, “Now we must all hang together.” Always the sharp wit, Benjamin Franklin smilingly stated, “Or most assuredly we will all hang separately.” 1776 Declaration of Independence-US gains independence from Britain Declaration of Independence-US gains independence from Britain	1776
French fleet occupies Grenada	1779
	1780	Charles Alexander, Duke of Lotharingen South Neth, dies at 67, gestorben
	1781	Alexander von Benckendorff, General und Staatsbeamter (RUS), geboren
	1787	Charles, prince de Rohan-Soubise, marshal of France, dies at 71, gestorben
1789 1st US tariff act 1st US tariff act	1789	Claudio M da Costa, Brazilian conductor, dies at 59, gestorben
	1793	Franz Xaver Pechacek, composer, geboren
1st Independence Day celebration is held	1796	Karl Maria von Aretin, Historiker und Diplomat (D), geboren

	1799	F J Oscar I, King of Sweden/Norway (1844-59), geboren

	1800
	1801
4 1802 July 4th, 1802: On this day in New York the Military Academy of West Point officially opened. July 4th, 1802: On this day in New York the Military Academy of West Point officially opened. 1802 US Military Academy officially opens (West Point, NY) US Military Academy officially opens (West Point, NY)	1802
	1803
	1804 Mi	1804 Nathaniel Hawthorne Mass, author (House of 7 Gables, Scarlet Letter) , geboren Nathaniel Hawthorne. Today, this person is/would be 197* years old.* Nathaniel Hawthorne, Schriftsteller (USA), "Der scharlachrote Buchstabe", geboren In seinen Romanen beschrieb Hawthorne das Leben in dem von puritanischer Moral beherrschten Neuengland. Zu seinen Meisterwerken gehört der »Der scharlachrote Buchstabe« (1850). Nathaniel Hawthorne (196), Filmschaffende/R, geboren 1804 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, amerikanischer Schriftsteller («Der scharlachrote Buchstabe»), gest. 1864, geboren Nathaniel Hawthorne, Mass, author (House of 7 Gables, Scarlet Letter), geboren D‚sir‚ de Haerne, Belgian priest/Congressional leader, geboren
	1805
	1806
	1807 Sa	Giuseppe Garibaldi, Freiheitskämpfer, Politiker und Schriftsteller (I), geboren Garibaldi führte die Erhebung der Italiener gegen die Herrschaft Österreichs in den Alpen 1848 und zeichnete sich 1849 bei der Verteidigung der Römischen Republik gegen Frankreich aus. Nach der Niederlage erneut im Exil, kehrte er 1854 nach Italien zurück und organisierte 1860 den »Zug der Tausend«, der Sizilien und Unteritalien eroberte und dort die Bourbonen stürzte. geboren (in Nizza): Der italienische Abgeordnete in Rom, Freiheits- und Vorkämpfer für eine nationale Einheit Italiens, Giuseppe Garibaldi (+2.61882, in Caprera). Giuseppe Garibaldi, freedom fighter (Risorgimento)/unified Italy, geboren 1807 Giuseppe Garibaldi unified Italy , geboren
	1808
	1809
French troops occupy Amsterdam	1810	Phineas T Barnum, circus magnate, geboren
	1811
	1812
	1813
	1814
	1815 Di	Pawel Fedotow, Maler (RUS), geboren
	1816
4 1817 July 4th, 1817: Construction began today on the Erie Canal, a vast water-works which will extend three hundred and sixty-three miles and which will connect Lake Erie and all the upper lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. This will be the largest canal in the world when completed, costing over seven-and-a-half million dollars. Its revenues will soon far exceed its cost. 1817 Construction on Erie Canal begins Construction on Erie Canal begins	1817
	1818
1819 William Herschel makes last telescopic observation of 1819 comet William Herschel makes last telescopic observation of 1819 comet	1819	Reuben Eaton Fenton, Governor (Union), died in 1885, geboren
	1820
	1821
	1822
	1823
	1824
	1825
4 1826 July 4th, 1826: On the fifteeth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, two of its signers, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, its primary author, have died within a few hours of each other. Many Americans have taken this as a sign that America has a divine sanction. (Read all about this auspicious and mysterious event by clicking here).	1826 Di	Stephen Collins Foster, Dichter und Komponist (USA), geboren Stephen Foster (III), Filmschaffende/R, geboren (174), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Thomas Jefferson, 3rd president (1801-09), dies at 83, gestorben John Adams, 2nd president (1797-1801), dies at 90, gestorben Stephen Foster, Lawrencevil, Pa, composer (Oh! Susanna, Swanee River), geboren Green Clay Smith, Bvt Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1895, geboren 1826 - Stephen Foster song writer of about 200 songs including: Oh! Susannah, Camptown Races, Old Folks at Home [Swanee River], Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair, Beautiful Dreamer; died Jan 13, 1864, geboren 1826 John Adams & Thomas Jefferson 2nd & 3rd presidents, die , gestorben 1826 Stephen Foster Lawrencevil, Pa, composer (Oh! Susanna, Swanee River) , geboren Stephen Foster, American composer, "Oh, Susanna." Today, this person is/would be 175* years old.*
1827 Slavery abolished in NY Slavery abolished in NY	1827
1828 Construction begins on Band O (Baltimore-Ohio) 1st US passenger RR Construction begins on B & O (Baltimore-Ohio) 1st US passenger RR	1828 Fr	Wilhelm Ahlwardt, Arabist (D), geboren Theodor W Ahlwardt, German orientalist, geboren James Johnston Pettigrew, Brig General (Confederate Army), geboren
1829 Cornerstone laid for 1st US mint (Chestnut & Juniper St, Phila) Cornerstone laid for 1st US mint (Chestnut & Juniper St, Phila)	1829	Hermann Kotzchmar, composer, geboren
	1830
4 1831 July 4th, 1831: A new song has been added to the pantheon of patriotic songs today as a Bapatist minister, Dr. S.F. Smith, composed "America" for Independence Day services. He borrowed the tune from an old German songbook not knowing that the British had adopted the same tune for their national anthem. 1831 Baptist clergyman Samuel Francis Smith penned the American patriotic hymn,'America' ('My Country, 'tis of Thee'). Smith was unaware that the tune, ironically, wasalso that of England's national anthem: 'God Save the Queen'! "America (My Country 'Tis of Thee)" is 1st sung in Boston	1831	4 1831 July 4th, 1831: James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, has died today in New York City. James Monroe, 5th president (1817-25), dies at 73, gestorben 4 1831 1758 James Monroe US-amerikanischer Präsident, * 28.4.1758 Monroe’s Creek (Virginia), † 4.7. 1831 New York. , gestorben 1831 James Monroe 5th president, dies , gestorben
1832 - It was on this day that *America* was sung in public for the first time -- at the Park Street Church in Boston, MA. Dr. Samuel Francis Smith wrote the words, borrowing the tune from a German songbook. Ironically, and unknown to Dr. Smith at the time, the melody is the same as the British national anthem. 1832 "America" 1st sung publicly "America" 1st sung publicly	1832
	1833
	1834
	1835
1836 Wisconsin Territory formed Wisconsin Territory forms	1836
	1837
	1838
	1839
1840 Birth of American sacred composer James McGranahan. His most enduring melodiesinclude CHRIST RETURNETH, MY REDEEMER, NEUMEISTER ('Christ Receiveth Sinful Men') andSHOWERS OF BLESSING.	1840	James McGranahan, composer, geboren
	1841	Marie von Wied, Princess of Orange Nassau, geboren Edward Gailliard, Flemish linguist/archaeologicalist, geboren
	1842 Mo	Gustav Ratzenhofer, Jurist und Soziologe (A), geboren Hermann Cohen Deutscher Philosoph + 4.4.1918 Berlin Mit Paul Natorp war Cohen Begründer des Neukantianismus. Er verwarf Immanuel Kants Vorstellung vom »Ding an sich«. Das Denken sei ein unendlicher Prozeß, der das Ziel, die vernunftmäßige Durchdringung der Gegenstände, nie erreiche. Gyula Erkel, composer, geboren Gustav Ratzenhofer, Austria, sociologist/judge/fieldmarshal, geboren
	1843
	1844
4 1845 July 4th, 1845: American writer Henry David Thoreau began his two year experiment in simple living today as he moved into a small cabin he built himself on Walden Pond, near Concord Massachusetts. Thoreau, who authored "Civil Disobedience", among other works, refused to pay his taxes to the US Government during the U.S.-Mexican War because he believed the war was immoral. 1845 Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond. 1845 Texas Congress votes for annexation to US Texas Congress votes for annexation to US Henry David Thoreau moves into his shack on Walden Pond	1845	Pierre P Royer-Collard, French philosopher/Council of 500, dies, gestorben Thomas John Barnardo, English social worker, geboren
	1846
	1847	James Anthony Bailey, Detroit, circus impresario (Barnum & Bailey), geboren 1847 James Anthony Bailey Detroit, circus impresario (Barnum & Bailey) , geboren
	1848	Fran‡ois Rene de Chateaubriand, French novelist (Atala)/diplomat, dies, gestorben 1848 Francois Rene de Chateaubriand French novelist/politician, dies , gestorben
	1849
	1850	Ole Olsen, composer, geboren
	1851	Martin-Joseph Mengal, composer, dies at 67, gestorben
	1852
	1853 Mo	Ernst Otto Beckmann, Chemiker (D), "Beckmann-Thermometer", geboren Inda Palmer (147), Filmschaffende/R, geboren
	1854	William Tilghman (146), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Karl F Eichhorn, German law historian, dies at 72, gestorben Heinrich Zollner, composer, geboren
4 1855 July 4th, 1855: The first edition of Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass", a collection of poems, is published today in Brooklyn, New York. 1855 - The first edition of Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman, was published in Brooklyn, NY.	1855
	1856	Istvan Ferenczi, Hungarian sculptor, dies at 64, gestorben
	1857	Lizzie McCall (143), Filmschaffende/R, geboren
	1858 So	Emmeline Pankhurst, Frauenrechtlerin (GB), geboren
	1859
	1860
Skirmish at Harper's Ferry, WV In a special session of 27th Congress Lincoln requests 400,000 troops	1861
1862 Lewis Carroll creates Alice in Wonderland for Alice P Liddell Battle at Green River Ky (Morgan's Ohio Raid) R Morgan's: Tomkinsville, KY to Somerset, KY [->JUL 28] Battle of Port Royal, SC (Port Royal Ferry) Lewis Carroll creates Alice in Wonderland for Alice P Liddell	1862
4 1863 July 4th, 1863: The city of Vicksburg, Mississippi finally falls to the Union Army, which effectively cuts the confederacy in half. Also on this day, General Lee and the Confederate forces in Pennsylvannia retreat from Gettysburg. 1863 Boise, Idaho founded (now capital of Idaho) 1863 Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Union forces Boise, Idaho founded (now capital of Idaho.) Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Union forces Skirmish at Smithburg, TN General Lee's army withdraws from Gettysburg Failed Confederate assault on Helena Arkansas (640 casualties) Boise, Idaho founded (now capital of Idaho)	1863	Paul Joseph Revere, US grandson of Paul Revere/Union brig-gen, dies, gestorben
-9] Battle at Chattahoochee River, Georgia	1864	Lillian Castle (136), Filmschaffende/R, geboren
1865 1st edition of "Alice in Wonderland" is published 1st edition of "Alice in Wonderland" is published	1865
1866 Firecracker thrown in wood starts fire destroying « of Portland, Me Firecracker thrown in wood starts fire destroying « of Portland, Me	1866
	1867	Stephen Mather, organized US National Park Service, geboren 1867 Stephen Mather organized US National Park Service , geboren
Battle at Ueno: last Tokugawa armies defeated	1868	Henriette Swan Leavitt US-amerikanische Astronomin + 12.12.1921 Cambridge (Massachusetts) Auf der Grundlage der von ihr analysierten Perioden-Helligkeits-Beziehung der Cepheiden (Sternengruppe mit besonders hoher Leuchtkraft) entwickelte Leavitt eine Methode zur exakten Entfernungsbestimmung von Spiralnebeln in Galaxien.
	1869	Riek Kloppenburg (131), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Karl Seitz, president of Austria, geboren
1870 Birth of James Moffatt, Scottish New Testament scholar. Moffatt translated theNew (1913) and Old (1924) Testaments into the colloquial English of his day. They were firstpublished together in 1935.	1870	Frank Dawson (130), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Pieter van der Lijn, Dutch geologist (Dutch boulders), geboren
	1871
Deutschland: Jesuitengesetz (Kulturkampf)	1872 Do	Calvin Coolidge, Politiker (USA), 30. Präsident der USA 1923-29, gest. 1933, geboren 4 1872 July 4th, 1872: Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President of the United States, is born today in Plymouth, Vermont. Calvin Coolidge (128), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Harry Tate (I), Filmschaffende/R, geboren (128), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Calvin Coolidge, [Silent Cal], Plymouth Vt, (R) 30th pres (1923-29), geboren 1872 - Calvin Coolidge 30th U.S. President [1923-1929]; married to Grace Goodhue [two sons]; nickname: Silent Cal; died Jan 5, 1933, geboren 1872 Calvin Coolidge (R) 29th pres (1923-29) , geboren Calvin Coolidge, 30th President from (1923 - 1929). Today, this person is/would be 129* years old.*
1873 Aquarium opens in Woodward Gardens Aquarium opens in Woodward Gardens. Aquarium opens in Woodward Gardens	1873
1874 Social Democratic Workmen's Party of North America formed Social Democratic Workmen's Party of North America formed	1874
1875 White Democrats kill several blacks in terrorist attacks in Vicksburg White Democrats kill several blacks in terrorist attacks in Vicksburg	1875	Giovanni & Giacomo Tocci, Italy, siamese twins, geboren 1875 Giovanni & Giacomo Tocci Italy, siamese twins , geboren
1876 1st public exhibition of electric light in SF First public exhibiton of electric light in San Francisco. Batholdi visits Bedloe Island, future home of his Statue of Liberty 1st public exhibition of electric light in SF	1876	William Farnum (124), Filmschaffende/R, geboren William Farnum, Boston MA, actor (Spoilers, Man who Fights Alone), geboren
	1877	Taylor N. Duncan (123), Filmschaffende/R, geboren
	1878	Mae Prestell (122), Filmschaffende/R, geboren George M. Cohan (122), Filmschaffende/R, geboren 1878 George M Cohan entertainer, Give my regards to Broadway , geboren George M. Cohan, "Yankee Doodle Dandy". Today, this person is/would be 123* years old.*
Battle at Rorkes Drift: Britain ends attack on Zulus Africaner Union forms by Rev SJ du Toit at Cape colony	1879
	1880 So	Stellan Rye, Filmregisseur (D), "Der Student von Prag", geboren George Cummings (120), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Stellan Rye (120), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Pat Rooney (I), Filmschaffende/R, geboren (120), Filmschaffende/R, geboren 1888 - Theodor Storm, deutscher Schriftsteller («Der Schimmelreiter»), geb. 1817, gestorben Pat Rooney, vaudevillian/actor (Night Club), geboren George Mullin, pitcher (Detroit Tigers-no-hitter on 7/4/1912), geboren 1880 George Mullin pitcher (Detroit Tigers-no-hitter on 7/4/1912) , geboren 1880 Pat Rooney vaudevillian/actor (Night Club) , geboren
1881 - Tuskegee Institute opened its doors to the students who built it with bricks made in their own kiln. An abandoned plantation in Tuskegee, Alabama was the site chosen for Booker T. Washington’s institution for academic and vocational training. 1881 Brooker T Washington establishes Tuskegee Institute Booker T Washington establishes Tuskegee Institute (Alabama)	1881
1882 Telegraph Hill Observatory opens in SF Telegraph Hill Observatory opens in SF	1882	Calvin Coolidge US-amerikanischer Politiker + 5.1.1933 Northampton (Massachusetts) 1923 wurde der Republikaner Coolidge als 30. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten vereidigt. Seine Amtszeit (bis 1929) war durch eine liberale Wirtschafts- und Industriepolitik gekennzeichnet. Cornelis van der Lugt Melsert, Dutch actor/dir (Willem van Oranje), geboren
The Statue of Liberty The French government presented the Statue of Liberty to the United States on this day in 1883. Commemorating the American Declaration of Independence, which influenced France's own revolution, the towering copper-clad structure placed in New York Harbor was designed and carefully cast in sections by the French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi. The statue is seen in a print. 1883 Buffalo Bill Cody presents 1st wild west show, North Platte, Nebr Buffalo Bill Cody presents 1st wild west show, North Platte, Nebr	1883	1883 - Rube (Reuben Lucius) Goldberg inventor of elaborate, involved contraptions that accomplish simple tasks; cartoonist; died Dec 7, 1970, geboren William Hedgcock (117), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Rube Goldberg (117), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Rube Goldberg, cartoonist (who made the easy outrageously difficult), geboren Maximilian Oseyevich Shteynberg, composer, geboren Alan Brooke, English general [or Jul 23], geboren 1883 Rube Goldberg who made the easy outrageously difficult , geboren Rube Goldberg, made the easy outrageously difficult. Today, this person is/would be 118* years old.*
1884 - Bullfighting was introduced in America. No, not in Texas or Arizona, but in Dodge City, Kansas. 1884 1st US bullfight held (Dodge City Ks) 1884 Statue of Liberty presented to US in Paris Statue of Liberty presented to US in Paris 1st US bullfight held (Dodge City Ks)	1884 Fr	Pauline Carton, Filmschauspielerin (CH/F), "Das Blut eines Dichters", "Hafenliebchen", geboren Jack Baxley (116), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Bernard Randall (116), Filmschaffende/R, geboren George W. Trendle (116), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Harris Gordon (116), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Pauline Carton (116), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Alexander Byvanck, Dutch art historian/archaeologist, geboren
	1885 Sa	Louis Burt Mayer, Filmproduzent (USA), "Vom Winde verweht", geboren 1885 Louis B Mayer Minsk Russia, motion-picture executive (MGM) , geboren Louis B. Mayer (115), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Sam Hellman (115), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Carlo Benetti (115), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Sol Violinsky (115), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Louis B Mayer, Minsk Russia, motion-picture executive (MGM), geboren
1886 - The first rodeo in America was held at Prescott, Arizona. 1886 1st scheduled transcontinental passenger train reaches Pt Moody, BC 1st scheduled transcontinental passenger train reaches Pt Moody, BC	1886	Thomas E. Jackson (114), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Heinrich Kaminski, composer, geboren
	1887
1888 1st organized rodeo competition held, Prescott, Ariz 1st organized rodeo competition held, Prescott, Ariz	1888 Mi	Theodor Storm, Novellist und Lyriker (D), "Der Schimmelreiter", geb. 1817, gestorben Henry Armetta (112), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Dolores Cassinelli (112), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Theodor Storm, German judge/author (Schimmelreiter), dies at 70, gestorben Henry Armetta, Italian/US actor (Bell for Adano, Big Store), geboren 4 1888 Theodor Storm Deutscher Schriftsteller + 4.7.1888 Hademarschen (Holstein), gestorben
1889 Washington state constitutional convention holds 1st meeting Washington state constitutional convention holds 1st meeting	1889	Joseph Ruttenberg (111), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Joe Young (I), Filmschaffende/R, geboren (111), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Auguste Mermet, composer, dies at 79, gestorben
	1890	Harvey F. Thew (110), Filmschaffende/R, geboren
	1891	Frederic Louis Ritter, composer, dies at 67, gestorben
James Keir Hardie chosen 1st socialist in British Lower house	1892	Tom White (I), Filmschaffende/R, geboren (108), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Russell A. Gausman (108), Filmschaffende/R, geboren
1893 A Borrelly discovers asteroid #369 Aeria	1893	Tudor Posmantir (107), Filmschaffende/R, geboren
4 1894 July 4th, 1894: The Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed today and a new constitution is issued by Judge Sanford B. Dole. The U.S. marines have occupied the islands since January 1893. Hawaii would eventually become the 50th state of the United States, obtaining statehood on August 21, 1959. 1894 Elwood Haynes successfully tests one of 1st US autos at 6 MPH 1894 Republic of Hawaii established Elwood Haynes successfully tests one of the first US autos. Republic of Hawaii proclaimed, Sanford B Dole as president Elwood Haynes successfully tests one of 1st US autos at 6 MPH	1894	Henry Carlson, basketball coach (originated figure 8 play), geboren 1894 Henry Carlson basketball coach (originated figure 8 play) , geboren
1895 - *America the Beautiful, the famous song often touted as the true U.S. national anthem, was originally a poem written by Katherine Lee Bates. The Wellesley College professor’s poem was first published* this day in the Congregationalist, a church newspaper. Katherine Lee Bates publishes "America the Beautiful"	1895	Irving Caesar (105), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Walderman Marx, cricketer (S Af, 240 on FC debut (then world record)), geboren Massimo Campigli, Italian painter/illustrator, geboren Irving Caesar, songwriter, geboren
	1896	Adolf Hallis, composer, geboren
	1897	Giuseppe Garibaldi, Freiheitskämpfer (I), geboren
1898 "La Bourgogne" collides with "Cromartyshire", 560 drown 1898 French liner "La Bourgogne" collides with bark "Cromartyshire", 50 die 1898 US flag hoisted over Wake Island (Spanish-American War) US flag hoisted over Wake Island (Spanish-American War) French liner "La Bourgogne" collides with bark Cromartyshire, 560 die	1898	1898 Johnny Lee Missouri, actor (Calhoun-Amos 'n' Andy) , geboren Johnny Lee (I), Filmschaffende/R, geboren (102), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Benjamin P‚ret, French writer/poet (La r‚volution surr‚aliste), geboren Johnny Lee, Missouri, actor (Calhoun-Amos 'n' Andy), geboren Gertrude Lawrence, English actress (Mimi, Rembrandt), geboren
	1899	Walter Ladengast (101), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Eddie Moran (II), Filmschaffende/R, geboren (101), Filmschaffende/R, geboren

	1900 Mi	geboren (in New Orleans): Der US-amerikanische farbige Jazz-Trompeter und -Sänger Louis Daniel "Satchmo" Armstrong (+6.7.1971, in New York). Guy Endore (100), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Louis Armstrong, Jazztrompeter und Sänger (USA), gest. 1971, geboren, eigentl. 13 Monate älter Armstrong war die einflußreichste Persönlichkeit des traditionellen Jazz. Charakteristisch war ab den 20er Jahren seine Kunst des »Timing« (richtiger Ton zur richtigen Zeit) und seine rauhe Gesangsstimme. Walther Kiaulehn, Schriftsteller (D), gest. 1968, geboren
Philippinen: Spätere US-Präsident William Howard Taft wird 1. Zivilgouverneur 1901 - Der Republikaner William Howard Taft wird Zivilgouverneur auf den Philippinen und löst damit die Militärherrschaft ab. Der Widerstand philippinischer Guerillas gegen die US-Herrschaft hält an	1901 Do	Carlton E. Morse (99), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Adelaide Klein (99), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Cliff Lyons (99), Filmschaffende/R, geboren Viola Richard (99), Filmschaffende/R, geboren